The Bermuda Triangle Essay - 902 Words

You might know that the Bermuda Triangle is a legendary place where numerous disappearances have occurred, but how much do you really know about it? Some people don’t believe in such a place, but some do. Research has been conducted to try and figure out what could possibly be happening here, but with no hard evidence. The mysterious Bermuda Triangle may be more than just a myth though; the Bermuda triangle has a long history with disappearances, few people live through it to tell the tale, and possible theories have been made over the years; leaving scientists questioning this strange phenomenon. The history of this legend dates way back. One of the more widely known events that had occurred earlier on was when Christopher Columbus was†¦show more content†¦Her route was to take her through the corner of the Bermuda Triangle, which was very unsettling to her after hearing about incidents that had occurred in the area. Cary landed in Ormond Beach safely with no problems. She was only able to spend a few hours if she was going to make it back to Key West before it got dark. She saw clouds gathering and decided to change her route back. Her return trip was going well, with only a few bumps in the road. She was reaching her destination when all of the sudden it became pitch black out and she lost control of the plane. She didn’t know what had happened or what was happening but she knew she had to gain control of the plane. She found a code to punch in to the radio to make contact. She was helped and landed safely to her destination. She was in deep shock, but she had realized she was lucky to be alive. Some people may or may not believe this actually happened. For those skeptics who believe more in science may find this interesting. Studies have been done to see what could be the cause of the disappearances; well they think they might have found something. They believe that there might be large pockets of methane on the sea floor. The methane can be released and cause landslides. Also, the water’s density can get so low that the ships will sink right to the bottom. Methane gas is highly combustible, so if an explosion was to occur, it could catch planes in the air on fire. But, the mystery is not completelyShow MoreRelatedThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle. You may have heard of it but, do you know what it is? The Bermuda Triangle lies near the South-East coast of the United States and forms a triangle in the Atlantic Ocean. The corners of the triangle are: Miami, Florida; San Juan, P uerto Rico; and Bermuda; a north-Atlantic island which the name Bermuda Triangle originated from. What is so mysterious about these waters? Well, unexplained events happened in which planes flying over this area have mysteriously disappeared leavingRead MoreThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle2023 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The Bermuda Triangle also known as the Devils Triangle it is considered to be a cursed region. Over one thousand ships, planes and lives have been lost in the Triangle without leaving a trace of what happened. Many theories have been put forth, but still none universally accepted explanation exists for the mystery that surrounds the Bermuda Triangle. The first written boundaries of the Bermuda Triangle were from an article by Vincent Gaddis in a 1964 issue of the pulp magazine ArgosyRead MoreThe Triangle Of The Bermuda Triangle1190 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone has heard of the scariest place on earth, the bermuda triangle. Since its theoretical existence, there has been hundreds of cases that have been reported that involved the Bermuda Triangle in one way or another. The points of the Bermuda triangle are between Miami, Florida, San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the Mid-Atlantic island, Bermuda. The History of this myth has gone back hundreds of years, dating back all the way to the year 1492, when Christopher Columbus first reported seeing flamesRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bermuda triangle is a heavily debated topic. Over the years people have fought back and forth on the matter. However, no one can seem to come to a consensus. What is the truth? Does the Bermuda triangle qualify as a strange, unexplainable site? If it does, is it the reason for the many strange happenings and events? Despite the lack of answers, the legend of the Bermuda triangle will continue to be debated and discussed by believers and skeptics. For both sides claim to contain strong solid evidenceRead More Bermuda Triangle Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pages The Bermuda Triangle nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Is the Bermuda Triangle really a place where strange powers are at work? The Bermuda Triangle is a very complex and mystifying area that is noted for a high incidence of unexplained losses of ships, small boats, and aircraft. From reading this paper one will learn geographic features of the Bermuda Triangle, famous disappearances, and possible explanations for them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is a section of the western Atlantic, offRead MoreEssay on The Bermuda Triangle921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area in the Atlantic Ocean bounded by Miami, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico. Many people believed that people, ships, and planes have mysteriously vanished in this area. The size of the triangle varies from 500,000 square miles. Some trace the mystery back to the time of Columbus. Bermuda Triangle estimates range from about 200 to no more than 8,000 distress calls in the area and that there have been more than 50 ships and 20 planes to goRead MoreReview Of The Bermuda Triangle 1795 Words   |  8 PagesReview of Literature I. Introduction to the Bermuda Triangle The Bermuda Triangle is a legendary mythological section of the Atlantic Ocean, made up of the triangle formed by Miami, Florida; San Juan Puerto Rico; and the islands of the Bahamas. The triangle covers about five-hundred thousand (500,000) square miles of the ocean. The phrase â€Å"Bermuda Triangle† was first coined by Vincent H. Gaddis (1913-1997). He was writing an article for Argosy magazine back in 1964. The article was receivedRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle : The Devils Triangle1961 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle, also known popularly as the ‘Devil’s Triangle’, is a triangular shaped area in the Atlantic Ocean which has gained infamy as a location in which vessels, aircraft and people are susceptible to going missing without a trace. The area considered to constitute the Bermuda Triangle varies, although the most popular definition is that the triangle’s three vertices are located at Miami in Florida, San Juan in Puerto Ric o, and at the island of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. HoweverRead More The Bermuda Triangle Essay1902 Words   |  8 PagesThe Bermuda Triangle Off the southern tip of Florida lies a phenomenon called the Bermuda Triangle. Ships, planes, and over one thousand lives were lost in the Triangle without a trace. Theories have been put forth, but still no universally accepted explanation exists for the mystery that surrounds the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle covers almost 440,000 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean. An imaginary line that begins near Melbourne, Florida, extends south to Bermuda, and west toRead MoreThe Bermuda Triangle And Its Theories2037 Words   |  9 Pagesof the Bermuda Triangle. At first, I argued with myself over this topic, because it did not seem worth writing about; but after remembering one of my favorite childhood movies, I knew that this was the perfect topic. So like every other sane teenager who has to write an essay, I watched the Scooby-Doo movie that made me chose this topic. About half way into the movie I came up with my topic question. What is the Bermuda Triangle and its theories? What I Know Hearing the name the Bermuda Triangle

Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play

Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of the information is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"OLAP summarizes data and makes forecasts,† and â€Å"Data mining discovers hidden patterns in data† [2]. In general, OLAP evaluates information in a broader sense while data mining can be appli ed to find deeper levels of information which may not have been known. The two approaches that may be operated separately or implemented together to create another way of analyzing data. OLAP Online analytical processing (OLAP) is generally used to provide analysis of complex data. Often it is applied with a data warehouse. A data warehouse is similar to a regular database but they have differences. According to Inmon a data warehouse is â€Å"a subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile, time-variant collection of data in support of management’s decisions [3]. Data warehouses provide more detailed information than regular databases, one reason they are recommended for analytics. Another way of describing it is, â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to generate wiser and faster decisions. [4] When using OLAP tools with data warehousing it can give the decision maker a clear advantage, which could give insight into why it is so highly valued. These mechanisms can help increase efficiency and provide them with a powerful advantage. At the core of any OLAP system is an OLAP cube Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It is all around every person on this earth whether they realize it or not. Throughout each and everyone’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with hope of discovering new information. How they do this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data that are collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of this information is needed. That is where database management systems (DBMS) come into play. â€Å"A database management system is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose soft ware system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications† [1]. Analyzing these database managements systems could potentially have huge benefits since companies could determine when and where to sell products, track certain trends, and possibly predict future outcomes. Two popular ways to analyze these large amounts of data are OLAP, online analytical processing tools and/or data mining. According to Oracle, one of theShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play1888 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularlyRead MoreBig Data Vs. Public Sector Organizations Essay2516 Words   |  11 Pagespublic sector organizations have come to appreciate that the key to better decisions, more effective customer or citizen engagement, sharper competitive edge, hyper efficient operations and compelling product and service development is data — and lots of it (Cameron McNaught,2010). Today the situation they face is not any shortage of that raw material. In a way that the wealth of unstructured online data alone has swollen the a lready torrential flow from transaction systems and demographic sources butRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Database Management Systems1207 Words   |  5 Pageseasily accessible. Finally, the invention of the computers led to the evolution of databases. Databases are important, because thanks to them humans are able to store and later on retrieve information. The way in which databases arise is very simple. It all begins as a list in a word-processing system. As the size of the list increases, the data starts to appear inconsistent. If this occurs, Database Management Systems come to help, due to the fact they can store a large amount of information in a numberRead MoreWhy Are Information Systems So Essential For Running And Managing A Business Today?1458 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One 1. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? An organization’s information system is capable of very important tasks and it is important for any business to exploit its capabilities. Information systems are important to businesses because they process data from the businesses’ input to generate information that is crucial for managing operations. The following points will explain why information systems are important to businesses: †¢ OperationalRead MoreDatabase Systems and Data Management Essay2764 Words   |  12 PagesData Management 3 2.1 Database 3 2.2 Database Systems 3 2.2.1 Requirement modeling 4 2.2.2 Schema design : 4 2.2.3 Implementation 4 2.3 Project 4 3. Data Mining 5 3.1 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ITCS 6162) 5 3.1.1 Association rules 6 3.1.2 Classification 7 3.1.3 Clustering 7 3.1.3.1 Partitioning methods 8 3.1.3.2 Hierarchical methods 8 3.1.4 Anomaly Detection 8 3.1.4.1 Graphical based 9 3.1.4.2 Statistical based 9 3.1.4.3 Distance based 9 3.2 Knowledge Based Systems (ITCSRead MoreReview Quesition20349 Words   |  82 PagesDATABASE SOLUTIONS (2nd Edition) THOMAS M CONNOLLY CAROLYN E BEGG SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Introduction- Review questions 1.1 List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1. Some examples could be: †¢ A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacturer; †¢ An advertising company keeping details of all clients and adverts placed with them; †¢ A training company keeping course information and participants’Read MoreRdbms Notes17718 Words   |  71 Pages1 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION:DATA :- Data is a collection of facts, which is in unorganized but they can be organized into useful form. Data is of two types :1.Raw Data :- It is a Data which are collected from different sources and has no meaning. ` 2. Derived Data :- It is a data that are extracted from Raw Data and used for getting useful information. Derived Data is called as INPUTDATA. INPUT DATA is processed to get the OUTPUT data. The OUTPUT DATA is called asRead MoreBusiness Intelligence and Technology1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbut coexisting information systems. ETL plays an important role in BI project today. ETL stands for extraction, transformation and loading. ETL is a process that involves the following tasks: Extracting data from source operational or archive systems which are the primary source of data for the data warehouse; transforming the data - which may involve cleaning, filtering, validating and applying business rules; loading the data into a data warehouse or any other database or application that housesRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Service Request4514 Words   |  19 Pagesdeveloping and deploying a customer tracking system through a Kudler Frequent Shopper Program (KFSP) that would provide KFF data on shopping habits of cliental and in return provides customers with high-end incentives for shopping. The project will require the determination of requirements from KFF and their client base and a system analysis. This paper follows a systems analysis process by exploring business objectives and models, current and proposed system analysis, project constraints, functionalRead MoreCis5153190 Words   |  13 PagesDATABASE ADMINISTR ATOR FOR DEPARMENT STORE CIS 515-Strategic Planning Of Database Systems Potential sales and department store transactions stored within the database. Following the successful expansion of the retail environment to several new stores there is a clear need for an enterprise wide relational database especially with the envisaged increase in sales as a result of current marketing activity. There are several important steps to consider when designing

Integer Programming Problem Formulation free essay sample

This approach is advantageous compared to SVMs with Gaussian kernels in that it provides a natural construction of kernel matrices and it directly minimizes the number of basis functions. Traditional approaches for data classi? cation , that are based on partitioning the data sets into two groups, perform poorly for multi-class data classi? ca- tion problems. The proposed approach is based on the use of hyper-boxes for de? ning boundaries of the classes that include all or some of the points in that set. A mixed-integer programming model is developed  ¤Computer Scientist, Defence RD Org. , Min of Defence, Delhi-110054. email:[emailprotected] drdo. in, dhamija. [emailprotected] com, a k [emailprotected] com. Home- page:www. geocities. com/a k dhamija/ for representing existence of hyper-boxes and their boundaries. In addition, the relationships among the discrete decisions in the model are represented using propositional logic and then converted to their equivalent integer constraints using Boolean algebra. We will write a custom essay sample on Integer Programming Problem Formulation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Image Contrast Enhancement and Image Recon- struction are being used for extracting knowledge from satellite images of the battle? ld or other terrains. This method has already been described in LP problem formulation in I semester assignment. Keywords: Integer linear Programming ,Pattern Classi? cation ,Multi Class data classi? cation , Image Reconstruction ,radial basis function (RBF) classi? ers , sigmoid function , SVM , Kernel and propositional logic 1 Pattern Classification Via Integer linear Programming Given the space in which objects to be classi? ed are represented, a classi? er partitions the space into dis- joint regions and associates them with di ®erent classes. If the underlying distribution is known, an optimal artition of the space can be obtained according to the Bayes decision rule. In practice, however, the underlying distribution is rarely known, and a learning algorithm has to generate a partition that is close to the optimal partition from the training data. The RCE network (1) is a learning algorithm that constructs a set of regions, e. g. , spheres, to represent each pattern class. It is easy to see that, with only a few spheres, there is a great chance that the training error will be high. With an excessively large number of spheres, however, the training error can be reduced, but at the expense of over? ting the data and degrading the performance on future data. Similar problems also exist in the radial basis function (RBF) networks and multi-layer sigmoid function networks. Therefore, a good learning algorithm has to strike a delicate balance between the training error and the complexity of the model. Existing Methods Used Various existing methods like Simulated Annealing , Neural Networks , Genetic algorithms and other classi- ?cation methods of supervised as well as unsupervised learning are being used. 1. 2 Proposed Method : ILP Problem Formulation Given a set of training examples, the minimum sphere overing approach seeks to construct a minimum num- ber of spheres (3) to cover the training examples cor- rectly. Let us denote the set of training examples by D = f(x1; y1); :::; (xn; yn)g where xi 2 Rd and yi 2 f? 1; 1g: For notational simplicity, we only consider the binary classi? cation problem. The task is to ? nd a set of class-speci? c spheres S = S1; :::; Sm such that xi 2 [ y(Sj)=yi Sj and xi =2 [ y(Sj )6=yi Sj ; 8i = 1; :::; n (1) where each sphere Si is characterized by its center c(Si), its radius r(Si) and its class y(Si). An exam- ple xi is covered by a sphere Sj , i. e. , xi 2 Sj , if d(xi; c(Sj))  · r(Sj ). A set of spheres S that satis? es the conditions in Eqn. (1) is called a consistent sphere cover of the data D. A sphere cover is minimal if there exists no other consis- tent sphere cover with a smaller number of spheres. We restrict ourselves to constructing a consistent sphere cover with spheres that are centered on training ex- amples, although in general spheres do not have to be centered on the training examples. In order to mini- mize the number of spheres in the sphere cover S, each sphere in S should cover as many training examples as possible without covering a training example belonging to a di ®erent class.

Quantim Theory Essays - Chemistry, Physics, Nature, Atomic Physics

Quantim Theory Quantim Mechanics is abranch of mathematical physics that deals with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to Elamentry Pprticlesand the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon and matter is assumed to occupy a very specific region of space and to move in a continuous manner. According to the quantum theory, energy is emitted and absorbed in a small packet, called a quantum (pl. quanta), which in some situations behaves as particles of matter do; particles exhibit certain wavelike properties when in motion and are no longer viewed as localized in a given region but as spread out to some degree. The quantum theory thus proposes a dual nature for both waves and particles, with one aspect predominating in some situations and the other predominating in other situations. Quantum mechanics is needed to explain many properties of matter, such as the temperature dependence of the specific heat of solids, as well as when very small quantities of matter or energy are involved, as in the interaction of elementary particles and fields, but the theory of Relativity assumes importance in the special situation where very large speeds are involved. Together they form the theoretical basis of modern physics. (The results of classical physics approximate those of quantum mechanics for large scale events and those of relativity when ordinary speeds are involved.) Quantum theory was developed principally over a period of thirty years. The first contribution was the explanation of blackbody radiation in 1900 by Max Planck, who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator, such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole number) multiple of a basic minimum value. Over the years there has been a number of models that were supposed to have been atomicly correct. Right now we are currently useing the Schrodinger model to show the atomic structure of an atom. There also was other models of the atomic structure of an atom but they were wrong. They were wrong because at those times there was not enough tecknoladgy around to ptove other wise. The names of the major noted scientists that had made a model of the atomic structure of an atom, are Bohr, Rutherford, Thompsom, and Schrodinger. The current atomic theory is that Schrodinger and the other scientists abandoned the idea of precise orbits, and replaced it with a discription regions called orbitals. We have been useing that same theory for almost eighty years now and it looks like we are not going to change it still. Shrodinger's modelwas basically a cloud of sub atomic particles in orbit around a nucleus. The electrons moved in orbit around the nucleus but also moved in tiny orbitals. These orbitals are revolutions around possibly another subatomic particle while in orbit around the nucleus which is holding protons, neutrons, and other sub atomic particles. Another scientist that created a model of the atomic structure of an atom was Rutherford. His model was an model in which the the atom was held together by an electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. by electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. In this model the electrons travelled in relatively distant orbits around the nucleus. The model eventually proved successful in of chemistry and everyday physics. Subsequent studies of the atom divided into investigations of the electronic parts of the atom, which came to be known as atomic physics, and investigations of the nucleus itself, which came to be known as nuclear physics. His experiment: He studied hydrogen by hitting it with electricity. The electricity would excite an electron anc cause it to jump to higher energy levels. When it fell back down, a photon was given off. The photon of light corresponded with the amount of energy per energy level. Other scientist also made models that had an impact on the scientific community. One of them is Rutherford. In 1898, Rutherford obtained the physics professorship at McGill University, Montreal. Rutherford proposed an atomic model in which the atom was held together by electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. In this model the electrons travelled in relatively distant orbits around the nucleus. The model eventually proved successful in explaining most of the phenomena of chemistry and everyday physics. Subsequent studies of the atom divided into investigations of the Quantim Theory Essays - Chemistry, Physics, Nature, Atomic Physics Quantim Theory Quantim Mechanics is abranch of mathematical physics that deals with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to Elamentry Pprticlesand the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon and matter is assumed to occupy a very specific region of space and to move in a continuous manner. According to the quantum theory, energy is emitted and absorbed in a small packet, called a quantum (pl. quanta), which in some situations behaves as particles of matter do; particles exhibit certain wavelike properties when in motion and are no longer viewed as localized in a given region but as spread out to some degree. The quantum theory thus proposes a dual nature for both waves and particles, with one aspect predominating in some situations and the other predominating in other situations. Quantum mechanics is needed to explain many properties of matter, such as the temperature dependence of the specific heat of solids, as well as when very small quantities of matter or energy are involved, as in the interaction of elementary particles and fields, but the theory of Relativity assumes importance in the special situation where very large speeds are involved. Together they form the theoretical basis of modern physics. (The results of classical physics approximate those of quantum mechanics for large scale events and those of relativity when ordinary speeds are involved.) Quantum theory was developed principally over a period of thirty years. The first contribution was the explanation of blackbody radiation in 1900 by Max Planck, who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator, such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole number) multiple of a basic minimum value. Over the years there has been a number of models that were supposed to have been atomicly correct. Right now we are currently useing the Schrodinger model to show the atomic structure of an atom. There also was other models of the atomic structure of an atom but they were wrong. They were wrong because at those times there was not enough tecknoladgy around to ptove other wise. The names of the major noted scientists that had made a model of the atomic structure of an atom, are Bohr, Rutherford, Thompsom, and Schrodinger. The current atomic theory is that Schrodinger and the other scientists abandoned the idea of precise orbits, and replaced it with a discription regions called orbitals. We have been useing that same theory for almost eighty years now and it looks like we are not going to change it still. Shrodinger's modelwas basically a cloud of sub atomic particles in orbit around a nucleus. The electrons moved in orbit around the nucleus but also moved in tiny orbitals. These orbitals are revolutions around possibly another subatomic particle while in orbit around the nucleus which is holding protons, neutrons, and other sub atomic particles. Another scientist that created a model of the atomic structure of an atom was Rutherford. His model was an model in which the the atom was held together by an electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. by electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. In this model the electrons travelled in relatively distant orbits around the nucleus. The model eventually proved successful in of chemistry and everyday physics. Subsequent studies of the atom divided into investigations of the electronic parts of the atom, which came to be known as atomic physics, and investigations of the nucleus itself, which came to be known as nuclear physics. His experiment: He studied hydrogen by hitting it with electricity. The electricity would excite an electron anc cause it to jump to higher energy levels. When it fell back down, a photon was given off. The photon of light corresponded with the amount of energy per energy level. Other scientist also made models that had an impact on the scientific community. One of them is Rutherford. In 1898, Rutherford obtained the physics professorship at McGill University, Montreal. Rutherford proposed an atomic model in which the atom was held together by electrical attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. In this model the electrons travelled in relatively distant orbits around the nucleus. The model eventually proved successful in explaining most of the phenomena of chemistry and everyday physics. Subsequent studies of the atom divided into investigations of the